Mesh networking is a network structure based on the mesh topology that we discussed in Chapter 2, Understanding and Designing IoT Networks where each device on the network acts as a node and relays data to other devices. Due to it having no central point of control, all devices are connected in a web-like structure, creating high resiliency in the case that one device fails.
There are three types of mesh networks: full mesh networks, partial mesh networks, and hybrid mesh networks. Full mesh networks are the networks in which every device is connected to every other device, which creates a highly resilient network. In partial mesh networks, only some devices are connected to every other device, while others are connected to only a few other devices. In hybrid mesh networks, both elements are combined.
Various mesh networking technologies exist, such as the Wi-Fi mesh, Zigbee mesh, and Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Network (Wi-SUN) mesh, each with its own set of characteristics and best-suited applications. Let’s take a closer look:
Wi-Fi mesh: These networks leverage the familiar Wi-Fi standard to create mesh links between nodes. This technology is known for its higher data rates and broader bandwidth, making it suitable for applications requiring substantial data throughput and real-time communications.
Zigbee mesh: These networks are particularly known for their low power consumption and low data rate, making them a favorable choice for applications where energy efficiency and long battery life are paramount. Its self-healing mesh capability enhances network resilience, a critical trait for remote or inaccessible water utility installations.
Wi-SUN mesh: These networks combine the benefits of robust wireless communication with large-scale mesh networking. They’re the preferred choice for many utility applications due to their long-range communication capabilities, low power consumption, and industry-grade security features.
The choice between Wi-Fi mesh, Zigbee mesh, and Wi-SUN mesh should align with the specific requirements of the water utility IoT network, such as the geographic spread of assets, the criticality of real-time data transmission, energy efficiency considerations, and the existing network infrastructure. By assessing these factors alongside the inherent advantages and limitations of each mesh technology, network planners can better align the mesh networking solution with the overarching objectives of the water utility IoT deployment.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange data over short distances through radio waves. It is popular in IoT due to its low power consumption and being cost-effective, and also because it is widely supported by a wide range of devices. A smart thermostat, for example, may use Bluetooth to communicate with a smartphone app to allow the user to control the temperature remotely. It can also be used for M2M networks, with one device controlling another. The main limitation of it is its short range, which normally only reaches 9 meters, especially when there are obstacles such as walls in the way of communication.
In the next section, we will see how we can examine edge cases for selecting these protocols and understand how to operate them.
